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Maturity value = principal × (1 + APY)^years. If given APR with compounding frequency n: APY = (1 + APR/n)^n − 1. Early withdrawal penalties (commonly 90–180 days interest) can erase gains on short-held CDs. FDIC insurance covers up to $250,000 per depositor per institution. Ladder multiple CDs to balance yield and liquidity.
Deposits are converted to match compound frequency (e.g. quarterly compounds = 3× monthly amount per quarter).
Assumes a steady nominal rate and on-time deposits at the compound cadence. Actual products differ; this is educational only.