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A factor of n is any integer that divides n evenly. Factors come in pairs: if a divides n, so does n/a. Prime factorization expresses n as a product of prime numbers (e.g., 60 = 2² × 3 × 5). Trial division up to √n is sufficient to find all prime factors. Factorization is the foundation of fraction simplification, LCM/GCF calculations, and number theory.
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