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log_b(x) is the exponent to which b must be raised to produce x. log₁₀(1000) = 3 because 10³ = 1000. Natural log uses base e ≈ 2.71828. Change of base: log_b(x) = ln(x)/ln(b). Logarithms convert multiplication to addition, powering to multiplication—core to signal processing, information theory, and compound growth analysis. The decibel scale and Richter scale are logarithmic.
log = 2.00000000