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A marriage penalty occurs when combined tax as MFJ exceeds the sum of two single returns—common when both spouses earn similar incomes. A bonus occurs when one spouse earns much more—the lower earner's income is effectively taxed at a lower rate. The 2017 TCJA reduced penalties for most couples but they persist at higher income levels. AMT, EITC, and ACA subsidies also create marriage effects.
Rough U.S. federal ordinary-income estimate (single filer–style brackets, simplified). Not tax advice.
Estimated federal tax
$13,753
Effective rate: 16.18%