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Pythagorean theorem: a² + b² = c² where c is the hypotenuse (longest side). Solve for unknown: c = √(a²+b²); a = √(c²−b²). Pythagorean triples (integer solutions): 3-4-5, 5-12-13, 8-15-17. Used in construction (squaring corners), navigation (distance), and physics (vector magnitudes). Extends to 3D: space diagonal of a box = √(l²+w²+h²).
Hypotenuse c
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