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NOI = gross rental income − operating expenses (taxes, insurance, maintenance, vacancy). Cap rate = NOI / property value. Cash-on-cash = annual cash flow / cash invested. Cash flow = NOI − debt service. 1% rule: monthly rent ≥ 1% of purchase price for positive cash flow potential. Cap rates vary by market (3–4% gateway cities; 6–10% secondary markets). Don't ignore vacancy rate (typically 5–10%).
Principal and interest only—no taxes, insurance, PMI, or HOA. Rates and offers vary; verify with a lender.