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Tax-inclusive price = net price × (1 + rate). Net price from total = total / (1 + rate). US combined state+local rates range from 0% (Oregon, Montana, New Hampshire) to 10%+ (Louisiana, Tennessee). Some states exempt groceries and prescription drugs. Canada uses GST/HST. When shopping online, nexus rules determine which state's rate applies after the South Dakota v. Wayfair ruling.
Reverse mode assumes tax is a uniform percentage on top of the pre-tax subtotal. Local rules may differ.