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Standard repayment: 10-year fixed for federal loans. Income-driven plans (SAVE, IBR, PAYE) cap payments at 5–10% of discretionary income with forgiveness after 20–25 years. Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) forgives remaining balance after 120 qualifying payments in public service. Interest capitalization at repayment start adds accrued interest to principal—a significant cost. Refinancing loses federal protections.