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URL encoding replaces unsafe characters with %XX (hex code). Space = %20 or +. Reserved characters (; / ? : @ & = + $ ,) have special meaning in URLs and must be encoded in data. encodeURIComponent() encodes everything except unreserved chars (letters, digits, -, _, ., ~). Encode query parameters individually, not the full URL. Non-ASCII characters (e.g., Chinese, emoji) are UTF-8 encoded first, then percent-encoded.
a%3Db%26c%3Dd