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Price with VAT = net × (1 + rate). Net from gross = gross / (1 + rate). VAT amount = gross − net. UK standard VAT: 20%. EU rates: 17–27%. Reduced rates apply to food, books, children's clothing in many countries. VAT-registered businesses collect VAT from customers and remit to the government, minus input VAT paid on purchases (the 'VAT chain'). US uses sales tax instead of VAT.
Same math as a uniform sales tax; labels match common VAT wording. Rates vary by country and product.