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NWS wind chill formula (valid for T ≤ 50°F and wind > 3 mph): WC = 35.74 + 0.6215T − 35.75V^0.16 + 0.4275T×V^0.16. At −10°F with 30 mph wind, wind chill is −39°F. Frostbite risk: 30 minutes at −20°F wind chill; 10 minutes at −40°F. Wind chill doesn't affect inanimate objects below air temperature—it only affects living skin through convective heat loss.
NOAA formula for cold, windy conditions (see note below if out of range).
Wind chill (°F)
16.5°F